{"id":2772,"date":"2023-03-17T10:55:04","date_gmt":"2023-03-17T10:55:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/?p=2772"},"modified":"2023-03-17T11:07:29","modified_gmt":"2023-03-17T11:07:29","slug":"covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/","title":{"rendered":"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Publication date:<\/strong> 17\/03\/2023 &#8211;  <strong>E&amp;P Code:<\/strong>  <a aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/2772\" target=\"_blank\">repo.epiprev.it\/2772<\/a>   <br><strong>Authors:<\/strong> Franco Berrino<sup>1<\/sup>, Alberto Donzelli<sup>2<\/sup>, Paolo Bellavite<sup>3<\/sup>, Giovanni Malatesta<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Abstract<\/strong>: The anti-COVID-19 vaccination prevents COVID-19 specific mortality. Well planned population based studies, however, are necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. We profit of a study with this aim, carried out in the province of Pescara, to illustrate the potential biases that may affect such studies. The Pescara study analysed total and non-COVID-19 mortality, and the occurrence of Potentially Vaccine-Related Serious Adverse Events (PVR-SAEs), in vaccinated and unvaccinated people, from January 2021, when vaccines became available, to July 2022. The study reported a markedly lower probability of both total and non-COVID-19 death in vaccinated people. However, the Authors did not include in the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort the population experience of the vaccinated cohort before vaccination (immortal time bias). Correcting the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort, the crude death rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons becomes the same. For the same reason, the unvaccinated non-COVID-19 mortality was overestimated, as was the mortality of people receiving only one or two vaccine doses. The confounding by indication and the healthy vaccinee bias will also be discussed, as well as the bias deriving by not considering the evolution of risk over time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Cite as<\/strong>: Elenco autori, et. al. (2023). COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province. E&P Repository <a href='https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/2772'>https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/2772<\/a><button title=\"Copia citazione\" id=\"copyTextCite\"><span class=\"far fa-copy\"><\/span><\/button><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Topic<\/strong>: <a href='\/index.php\/category\/COVID-19'>COVID-19<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Key words<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/tag\/all-cause-mortality\/\" rel=\"tag\">all-cause mortality<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/tag\/covid-19-vaccination-status\/\" rel=\"tag\">COVID-19 vaccination status<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/tag\/non-covid-19-mortality\/\" rel=\"tag\">non-COVID-19 mortality<\/a>, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>AVVERTENZA. GLI ARTICOLI PRESENTI NEL REPOSITORY NON SONO SOTTOPOSTI A PEER REVIEW.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class='w3eden'><!-- WPDM Link Template: Default Template -->\n\n\n<div class=\"link-template-default card mb-2\">\n    <div class=\"card-body\">\n        <div class=\"media stack-xs\">\n            <div class=\"media-body\">\n                <div class=\"media\">\n                    <div class=\"mr-3 img-48\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wpdm_icon\" alt=\"Icona\" src=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/plugins\/download-manager\/assets\/file-type-icons\/pdf.svg\" onError='this.src=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/plugins\/download-manager\/assets\/file-type-icons\/unknown.svg\";' \/><\/div>\n                    <div class=\"media-body\">\n                        <h3 class=\"package-title\"><a href='https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/download\/covid-19-vaccination-status-all-cause-mortality-non-covid-19-mortality-covid-19-vaccinations-adverse-events\/'>COVID-19 vaccination status; all-cause mortality; non-COVID-19 mortality; COVID-19 vaccinations\u2019 adverse events<\/a><\/h3>\n                        <div class=\"text-muted text-small\"><i class=\"fas fa-file-download\"><\/i> 128 Download <i class=\"fas fa-hdd ml-3\"><\/i> 271.19 KB<\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"ml-3 wpdmdl-btn\">\n                <a class='wpdm-download-link btn btn-primary ' rel='nofollow' href='#' onclick=\"location.href='https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/download\/covid-19-vaccination-status-all-cause-mortality-non-covid-19-mortality-covid-19-vaccinations-adverse-events\/?wpdmdl=2774&refresh=69d06939675f01775266105';return false;\">Scarica<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\t\t\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Info<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Affiliations<\/strong>: <br><sup>1 <\/sup>M.D., past Director Department of Predictive and Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy<br><sup>2<\/sup> M.D., Specialist in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, independent Medical-Scientific Commission; President of Foundation \u201cAllineare Sanit\u00e0 e Salute\u201d, Milan, Italy<br><sup>3<\/sup> M.D., past Professor of Pathology, Department of Medicine, Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy<br><sup>4<\/sup> Physics Graduate, Scientific Committee Foundation \u201cAllineare Sanit\u00e0 e Salute\u201d, Pistoia, Italy  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Authors&#8217; contributions: <\/strong>Conceptualization, F.B., A.D. and G.M.; methodology, F.B., A.D. and G.M.; validation, F.B., A.D., P.B. and G.M.; formal analysis, F.B., A.D. and G.M.; resources, P.B., A.D. and G.M.; data curation, F.B., A.D. and G.M.; writing\u2014original draft preparation F.B., A.D. and G.M.; writing\u2014review and editing, F.B., A.D., P.B. and G.M.; supervision, F.B., A.D., P.B. and G.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Competing interests: <\/strong>The authors declare no conflict of interests<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Funding disclosure:<\/strong> This research received no external funding<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Ethics committee approval: <\/strong>The study was based on publicly available aggregate data. No Ethics committee approval was necessary. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Copyright<\/strong>:  Il detentore del copyright \u00e8 l\u2019autore\/finanziatore, che ha concesso a \u201cE&amp;P Repository\u201d una licenza per rendere pubblico questo preprint. The copyright holder for this preprint is the author\/funder, who has granted E&amp;P Repository a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Terms of distribution<\/strong>: No riutilizzo <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr \/><img src='https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280-1280x765.jpg' alt=\"vaccine-g47715c920_1280\" class='attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image' \/><p class='has-small-font-size'>Immagine redazionale con funzione decorativa, non facente parte del pre-print. Image by <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/users\/geralt-9301\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=6109246\">Gerd Altmann<\/a> from <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=6109246\">Pixabay<\/a><\/p><hr \/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-small-font-size has-light-gray-background-color\"><strong>References &amp; Citations<\/strong><br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province\" target=\"_blank\">Google Scholar<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.repo.epiprev.it\/2772\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" title=\"Condividi su Facebook\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/icon_facebook.png\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https:\/\/www.repo.epiprev.it\/2772\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" title=\"Condividi su Twitter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/icon_twitter.png\"><\/a><a class=\"icon_whatsapp\" href=\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https%3A%2F%2Frepo.epiprev.it\/2772&amp;attribution=AMPhtml&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Frepo.epiprev.it\/2772\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" title=\"Invia con WhatsApp\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/icon_whatsapp.png\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The anti-COVID-19 vaccination prevents COVID-19 specific mortality. Well planned population based studies, however, are necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. We profit of a study with this aim, carried out in the province of Pescara, to illustrate the potential biases that may affect such studies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2775,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[225,224,226],"class_list":["post-2772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-covid-19","tag-all-cause-mortality","tag-covid-19-vaccination-status","tag-non-covid-19-mortality"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province - E&amp;P Repository<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The anti-COVID-19 vaccination prevents COVID-19 specific mortality. Well planned population based studies, however, are necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. We profit of a study with this aim, carried out in the province of Pescara, to illustrate the potential biases that may affect such studies. The Pescara study analysed total and non-COVID-19 mortality, and the occurrence of Potentially Vaccine-Related Serious Adverse Events (PVR-SAEs), in vaccinated and unvaccinated people, from January 2021, when vaccines became available, to July 2022. The study reported a markedly lower probability of both total and non-COVID-19 death in vaccinated people. However, the Authors did not include in the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort the population experience of the vaccinated cohort before vaccination (immortal time bias). Correcting the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort, the crude death rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons becomes the same. For the same reason, the unvaccinated non-COVID-19 mortality was overestimated, as was the mortality of people receiving only one or two vaccine doses. The confounding by indication and the healthy vaccinee bias will also be discussed, as well as the bias deriving by not considering the evolution of risk over time.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province - E&amp;P Repository\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The anti-COVID-19 vaccination prevents COVID-19 specific mortality. Well planned population based studies, however, are necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. We profit of a study with this aim, carried out in the province of Pescara, to illustrate the potential biases that may affect such studies. The Pescara study analysed total and non-COVID-19 mortality, and the occurrence of Potentially Vaccine-Related Serious Adverse Events (PVR-SAEs), in vaccinated and unvaccinated people, from January 2021, when vaccines became available, to July 2022. The study reported a markedly lower probability of both total and non-COVID-19 death in vaccinated people. However, the Authors did not include in the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort the population experience of the vaccinated cohort before vaccination (immortal time bias). Correcting the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort, the crude death rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons becomes the same. For the same reason, the unvaccinated non-COVID-19 mortality was overestimated, as was the mortality of people receiving only one or two vaccine doses. The confounding by indication and the healthy vaccinee bias will also be discussed, as well as the bias deriving by not considering the evolution of risk over time.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"E&amp;P Repository\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/epiprev\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-03-17T10:55:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-17T11:07:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"852\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"administrator\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Scritto da\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"administrator\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo di lettura stimato\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minuti\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"administrator\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/person\/2a184e8c4e97508ef5111e78c8d0a59c\"},\"headline\":\"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-03-17T10:55:04+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-17T11:07:29+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/\"},\"wordCount\":521,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"all-cause mortality\",\"COVID-19 vaccination status\",\"non-COVID-19 mortality\"],\"articleSection\":[\"COVID-19\"],\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/\",\"name\":\"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province - E&amp;P Repository\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-03-17T10:55:04+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-17T11:07:29+00:00\",\"description\":\"The anti-COVID-19 vaccination prevents COVID-19 specific mortality. Well planned population based studies, however, are necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. We profit of a study with this aim, carried out in the province of Pescara, to illustrate the potential biases that may affect such studies. The Pescara study analysed total and non-COVID-19 mortality, and the occurrence of Potentially Vaccine-Related Serious Adverse Events (PVR-SAEs), in vaccinated and unvaccinated people, from January 2021, when vaccines became available, to July 2022. The study reported a markedly lower probability of both total and non-COVID-19 death in vaccinated people. However, the Authors did not include in the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort the population experience of the vaccinated cohort before vaccination (immortal time bias). Correcting the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort, the crude death rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons becomes the same. For the same reason, the unvaccinated non-COVID-19 mortality was overestimated, as was the mortality of people receiving only one or two vaccine doses. The confounding by indication and the healthy vaccinee bias will also be discussed, as well as the bias deriving by not considering the evolution of risk over time.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg\",\"width\":1280,\"height\":852,\"caption\":\"Immagine redazionale con funzione decorativa, non facente parte del pre-print. Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/\",\"name\":\"E&amp;P Repository\",\"description\":\"- RIVISTA DELL&#039;ASSOCIAZIONE ITALIANA DI EPIDEMIOLOGIA\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Rivista Epiprev\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"\",\"contentUrl\":\"\",\"caption\":\"Rivista Epiprev\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/epiprev\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/person\/2a184e8c4e97508ef5111e78c8d0a59c\",\"name\":\"administrator\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4ad25646debce6ba00e77ffa65a5e065aa33c5a21571725744bade4c95c9986a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4ad25646debce6ba00e77ffa65a5e065aa33c5a21571725744bade4c95c9986a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"administrator\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province - E&amp;P Repository","description":"The anti-COVID-19 vaccination prevents COVID-19 specific mortality. Well planned population based studies, however, are necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. We profit of a study with this aim, carried out in the province of Pescara, to illustrate the potential biases that may affect such studies. The Pescara study analysed total and non-COVID-19 mortality, and the occurrence of Potentially Vaccine-Related Serious Adverse Events (PVR-SAEs), in vaccinated and unvaccinated people, from January 2021, when vaccines became available, to July 2022. The study reported a markedly lower probability of both total and non-COVID-19 death in vaccinated people. However, the Authors did not include in the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort the population experience of the vaccinated cohort before vaccination (immortal time bias). Correcting the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort, the crude death rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons becomes the same. For the same reason, the unvaccinated non-COVID-19 mortality was overestimated, as was the mortality of people receiving only one or two vaccine doses. The confounding by indication and the healthy vaccinee bias will also be discussed, as well as the bias deriving by not considering the evolution of risk over time.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/","og_locale":"it_IT","og_type":"article","og_title":"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province - E&amp;P Repository","og_description":"The anti-COVID-19 vaccination prevents COVID-19 specific mortality. Well planned population based studies, however, are necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. We profit of a study with this aim, carried out in the province of Pescara, to illustrate the potential biases that may affect such studies. The Pescara study analysed total and non-COVID-19 mortality, and the occurrence of Potentially Vaccine-Related Serious Adverse Events (PVR-SAEs), in vaccinated and unvaccinated people, from January 2021, when vaccines became available, to July 2022. The study reported a markedly lower probability of both total and non-COVID-19 death in vaccinated people. However, the Authors did not include in the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort the population experience of the vaccinated cohort before vaccination (immortal time bias). Correcting the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort, the crude death rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons becomes the same. For the same reason, the unvaccinated non-COVID-19 mortality was overestimated, as was the mortality of people receiving only one or two vaccine doses. The confounding by indication and the healthy vaccinee bias will also be discussed, as well as the bias deriving by not considering the evolution of risk over time.","og_url":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/","og_site_name":"E&amp;P Repository","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/epiprev\/","article_published_time":"2023-03-17T10:55:04+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-03-17T11:07:29+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1280,"height":852,"url":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"administrator","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Scritto da":"administrator","Tempo di lettura stimato":"3 minuti"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/"},"author":{"name":"administrator","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/person\/2a184e8c4e97508ef5111e78c8d0a59c"},"headline":"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province","datePublished":"2023-03-17T10:55:04+00:00","dateModified":"2023-03-17T11:07:29+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/"},"wordCount":521,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg","keywords":["all-cause mortality","COVID-19 vaccination status","non-COVID-19 mortality"],"articleSection":["COVID-19"],"inLanguage":"it-IT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/","url":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/","name":"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province - E&amp;P Repository","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg","datePublished":"2023-03-17T10:55:04+00:00","dateModified":"2023-03-17T11:07:29+00:00","description":"The anti-COVID-19 vaccination prevents COVID-19 specific mortality. Well planned population based studies, however, are necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of vaccination programs. We profit of a study with this aim, carried out in the province of Pescara, to illustrate the potential biases that may affect such studies. The Pescara study analysed total and non-COVID-19 mortality, and the occurrence of Potentially Vaccine-Related Serious Adverse Events (PVR-SAEs), in vaccinated and unvaccinated people, from January 2021, when vaccines became available, to July 2022. The study reported a markedly lower probability of both total and non-COVID-19 death in vaccinated people. However, the Authors did not include in the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort the population experience of the vaccinated cohort before vaccination (immortal time bias). Correcting the denominator of the unvaccinated cohort, the crude death rate of vaccinated and unvaccinated persons becomes the same. For the same reason, the unvaccinated non-COVID-19 mortality was overestimated, as was the mortality of people receiving only one or two vaccine doses. The confounding by indication and the healthy vaccinee bias will also be discussed, as well as the bias deriving by not considering the evolution of risk over time.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"it-IT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"it-IT","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/vaccine-g47715c920_1280.jpg","width":1280,"height":852,"caption":"Immagine redazionale con funzione decorativa, non facente parte del pre-print. Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/2023\/03\/17\/covid-19-vaccination-and-all-cause-and-non-covid-19-mortality-a-revaluation-of-a-study-carried-out-in-an-italian-province\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"COVID-19 vaccination and all-cause and non-COVID-19 mortality. A revaluation of a study carried out in an Italian Province"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#website","url":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/","name":"E&amp;P Repository","description":"- RIVISTA DELL&#039;ASSOCIAZIONE ITALIANA DI EPIDEMIOLOGIA","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"it-IT"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#organization","name":"Rivista Epiprev","url":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"it-IT","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"","contentUrl":"","caption":"Rivista Epiprev"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/epiprev\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/person\/2a184e8c4e97508ef5111e78c8d0a59c","name":"administrator","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"it-IT","@id":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4ad25646debce6ba00e77ffa65a5e065aa33c5a21571725744bade4c95c9986a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4ad25646debce6ba00e77ffa65a5e065aa33c5a21571725744bade4c95c9986a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"administrator"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2772"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2780,"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2772\/revisions\/2780"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/repo.epiprev.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}